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                        <span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 28188044 - PubMed</span>
                        <input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 28188044"/>
                        <input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="c643d57107abcfdcbaa59ba383c4e7e826421ed4958ca3cd5f0ac98e871212c1"/>
                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                        <label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
                            To:
                        </label>
                        <input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address"  placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                        <label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
                            From:
                        </label>
                        <input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address"  placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
                    </div>



                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                        <label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
                            Format:
                        </label>
                        <select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
                            <option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
                            <option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
                            <option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
                            <option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>

                        </select>
                    </div>
                    <div class="include-supplemental-container">
                        <input type="checkbox"  aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
                        <label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
                    </div>



                    <div class="form-field recaptcha ">



                        <div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>





                    </div>
                    <div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>



                    <div class="action-panel-actions">
                        <button class="action-panel-submit"
                                type="submit"
                                data-loading-label="Sending..."
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="email"
                                data-ga-label="send">
                            Send email
                        </button>
                        <button class="action-panel-cancel"
                                aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
                                ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
                                aria-controls="email-action-panel"
                                aria-expanded="false"
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="email"
                                data-ga-label="cancel">
                            Cancel
                        </button>
                    </div>
                    <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
                    <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
                </form>
            </div>
        </div>

        <div id="collections-action-panel"
             class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
             aria-hidden="true"
             data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
             data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
            <div class="inner-wrap">
                <h3 class="action-panel-heading">
                    Add to Collections
                </h3>


                <form id="collections-action-panel-form"
                      class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
                      data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
                      data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
                      data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
                      data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
                      data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
                      data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
                      data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">

                    <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fROOW7MIgkvnGeL3EaGaPI1tDzKwlG4iFGcOhRP2hoxw79mlDr3ltBRBjdkftPiJ">



                    <div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
                        <ul class="radio-group-items">
                            <li>
                                <input type="radio"
                                       id="collections-action-panel-new"
                                       class="collections-new"
                                       name="collections"
                                       value="new"
                                       data-ga-category="save_share"
                                       data-ga-action="collections"
                                       data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
                                <label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <input type="radio"
                                       id="collections-action-panel-existing"
                                       class="collections-existing"
                                       name="collections"
                                       value="existing"
                                       checked="true"
                                       data-ga-category="save_share"
                                       data-ga-action="collections"
                                       data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
                                <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>

                    <div class="controls-wrapper">
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
                            <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
                                Name your collection:
                            </label>
                            <input
                                    type="text"
                                    name="add-to-new-collection"
                                    id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
                                    class="collections-action-add-to-new"
                                    pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
                                    maxlength="100"
                                    data-ga-category="save_share"
                                    data-ga-action="create_collection"
                                    data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
                            <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
                                Name must be less than 100 characters
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
                            <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
                                Choose a collection:
                            </label>
                            <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
                                    class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
                                    data-ga-category="save_share"
                                    data-ga-action="select_collection"
                                    data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
                            </select>
                            <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
                                Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
                                <a href="#">Please try again</a>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-actions">
                        <button class="action-panel-submit"
                                type="submit"
                                data-loading-label="Adding..."
                                data-pinger-ignore
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="collections"
                                data-ga-label="add">
                            Add
                        </button>
                        <button class="action-panel-cancel"
                                aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
                                ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
                                aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
                                aria-expanded="false"
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="collections"
                                data-ga-label="cancel">
                            Cancel
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </form>
            </div>
        </div>

        <div id="bibliography-action-panel"
             class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
             aria-hidden="true"
             data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
             data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
            <div class="inner-wrap">
                <h3 class="action-panel-heading">
                    Add to My Bibliography
                </h3>
                <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
                      class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
                      data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
                      data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
                      data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
                      data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
                      data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
                      data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">

                    <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fROOW7MIgkvnGeL3EaGaPI1tDzKwlG4iFGcOhRP2hoxw79mlDr3ltBRBjdkftPiJ">



                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
                        <div class="choice-group">
                            <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
                                <li>
                                    <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
                                    <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </div>

                    <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
                        Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
                        <a href="#">Please try again</a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-actions">
                        <button class="action-panel-submit"
                                type="submit"
                                data-loading-label="Adding..."
                                data-pinger-ignore>
                            Add
                        </button>
                        <button class="action-panel-cancel"
                                aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
                                ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
                                aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
                                aria-expanded="false"
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="mybib"
                                data-ga-label="cancel">
                            Cancel
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </form>
            </div>
        </div>




        <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
             data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
             data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
            <div class="inner-wrap">
                <h2 class="action-panel-heading">
                    Your saved search
                </h2>

                <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
                      class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
                      data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
                      data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
                      data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">

                    <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fROOW7MIgkvnGeL3EaGaPI1tDzKwlG4iFGcOhRP2hoxw79mlDr3ltBRBjdkftPiJ">

                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                        <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
                            Name of saved search:
                        </label>
                        <input maxlength="200"
                               type="text"
                               name="saved-search-name"
                               id="saved-search-name"
                               class="saved-search-name"
                               value=""
                               required
                               pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                        <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
                            Search terms:
                        </label>
                        <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
                    </div>
                    <div class="test-search-term-wrap">
                        <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
                    </div>
                    <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
        <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
          Would you like email updates of new search results?
        </span>
                        <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
                            <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
                            <ul class="radio-group-items">
                                <li>
                                    <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
                                    <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
                                    <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </fieldset>
                    </div>

                    <div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                            <label class="action-panel-label">
                                Email:
                            </label>
                            <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
                        </div>
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
                            <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
                                Frequency:
                            </label>
                            <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
                                <option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
                                <option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
                                <option value="daily">Daily</option>
                            </select>
                        </div>
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
                            <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
                                Which day?
                            </label>
                            <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
                                <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
                                <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
                                <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
                                <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
                                <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
                                <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
                                <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
                                <option value="day">The first day</option>
                                <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
                            </select>
                        </div>
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
                            <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
                                Which day?
                            </label>
                            <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
                                <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
                                <option value="Monday">Monday</option>
                                <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
                                <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
                                <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
                                <option value="Friday">Friday</option>
                                <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
                            </select>
                        </div>
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                            <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
                                Report format:
                            </label>
                            <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
                                <option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
                                <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
                                <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
                                <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
                                <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
                            </select>
                        </div>
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                            <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
                                Send at most:
                            </label>
                            <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
                                <option value="1">1 item</option>
                                <option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
                                <option value="10">10 items</option>
                                <option value="20">20 items</option>
                                <option value="50">50 items</option>
                                <option value="100">100 items</option>
                                <option value="200">200 items</option>
                            </select>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
                            <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
                                Send even when there aren't any new results
                            </label>
                        </div>
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
                            <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
                                Optional text in email:
                            </label>
                            <textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
                                      id="saved-search-email-text"
                                      class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
                        </div>

                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-actions">
                        <button class="action-panel-submit"
                                type="submit"
                                data-loading-label="Saving..."
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="alert"
                                data-ga-label="save">
                            Save
                        </button>
                        <button class="action-panel-cancel"
                                aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
                                ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
                                aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
                                aria-expanded="false"
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="alert"
                                data-ga-label="cancel">
                            Cancel
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </form>
            </div>
        </div>

        <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
            <div class="inner-wrap">
                <h2 class="action-panel-heading">
                    Create a file for external citation management software
                </h2>
                <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
                      class="action-panel-content action-form"
                      action="/results-export-ids/"
                      data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
                      data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
                      method="post"
                      data-by-search-method="post"
                      data-by-ids-method="post">

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                    <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>

                    <div class="action-panel-actions">
                        <button class="action-panel-submit"
                                type="submit"
                                data-loading-label="Sending..."
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="citation_manager"
                                data-ga-label="save">
                            Create file
                        </button>
                        <button class="action-panel-cancel"
                                aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
                                ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
                                aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
                                aria-expanded="false"
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="citation_manager"
                                data-ga-label="cancel">
                            Cancel
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </form>
            </div>
        </div>




        <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
            <div class="inner-wrap">
                <h2 class="action-panel-heading">
                    Your RSS Feed
                </h2>

                <form id="rss-action-panel-form"
                      class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
                      data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
                      data-search-form-term-value="">

                    <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fROOW7MIgkvnGeL3EaGaPI1tDzKwlG4iFGcOhRP2hoxw79mlDr3ltBRBjdkftPiJ">

                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
                        <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
                            Name of RSS Feed:
                        </label>
                        <input maxlength="200"
                               placeholder="Name"
                               type="text"
                               name="rss-name"
                               id="rss-name"
                               class="rss-name"
                               value=''
                               required
                               pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
                    </div>

                    <div class="rss-limit-wrap">
                        <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
                            <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
                                Number of items displayed:
                            </label>
                            <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
                                <option value="5">5</option>
                                <option value="10">10</option>
                                <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
                                <option value="20">20</option>
                                <option value="50">50</option>
                                <option value="100">100</option>
                            </select>
                        </div>
                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-actions">
                        <button class="action-panel-submit"
                                type="submit"
                                data-loading-label="Creating..."
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="alert"
                                data-ga-label="save">
                            Create RSS
                        </button>
                        <button class="action-panel-cancel"
                                aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
                                ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
                                aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
                                aria-expanded="false"
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="alert"
                                data-ga-label="cancel">
                            Cancel
                        </button>
                    </div>

                    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
                        <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
                        <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
                        <button
                                type="button"
                                disabled
                                class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
                                data-ga-category="save_share"
                                data-ga-action="rss"
                                data-ga-label="copy">
                            Copy
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </form>
            </div>
        </div>

    </div>
</div>

<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="28188044">

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    <aside class="page-sidebar">
        <div class="inner-wrap">

            <div class="full-text-links">
                <div class="full-view">
                    <h3 class="title">
                        Full text links
                    </h3>
                    <div class="full-text-links-list">
                        <a class="link-item

                dialog-focus"
                           href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1525-5050(16)30625-4"
                           target="_blank"
                           rel="noopener"

                           ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3048&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=28188044&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100892858"
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              Elsevier Science

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                <div class="short-view">
                    <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
                        Full text links
                    </a>
                </div>
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            <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
                                                                                                               aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
                                                                                                               data-ga-category="save_share"
                                                                                                               data-ga-action="cite"
                                                                                                               data-ga-label="open"
                                                                                                               data-all-citations-url="/28188044/citations/"
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                                ><sup class="key">2</sup> CAMC, Charleston, WV, United States.</li>

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                    Treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) affects 30% of epilepsy patients and is associated with severe morbidity and increased mortality. Cannabis-based therapies have been used to treat epilepsy for millennia, but only in the last few years have we begun to collect data from adequately powered placebo-controlled, randomized trials (RCTs) with cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabis derivative. Previously, information was limited to case reports, small series, and surveys reporting on the use of CBD and diverse medical marijuana (MMJ) preparations containing: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD, and many other cannabinoids in differing combinations. These RCTs have studied the safety and explored the potential efficacy of CBD use in children with Dravet Syndrome (DS) and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS). The role of the placebo response is of paramount importance in studying medical cannabis products given the intense social and traditional media attention, as well as the strong beliefs held by many parents and patients that a natural product is safer and more effective than FDA-approved pharmaceutical agents. We lack valid data on the safety, efficacy, and dosing of artisanal preparations available from dispensaries in the 25 states and District of Columbia with MMJ programs and online sources of CBD and other cannabinoids. On the other hand, open-label studies with 100mg/ml CBD (Epidiolex®, GW Pharmaceuticals) have provided additional evidence of its efficacy along with an adequate safety profile (including certain drug interactions) in children and young adults with a spectrum of TREs. Further, Phase 3 RCTs with Epidiolex support efficacy and adequate safety profiles for children with DS and LGS at doses of 10- and 20-mg/kg/day. This article is part of a Special Issue titled "Cannabinoids and Epilepsy".
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                Cannabidiol; Dravet syndrome; Epilepsy; Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
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        </div>





        <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
            <h2 class="title">
                Substances
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            <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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                            data-search-term="&quot;Cannabinoids&quot;[nm]"
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                            data-search-term="&quot;Drug Combinations&quot;[nm]"
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                            data-search-term="&quot;Medical Marijuana&quot;[nm]"
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                Cannabidiol
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                                                                                                                                                                           data-href="/?term=%22Cannabidiol%22%5Bnm%5D&amp;sort=date&amp;sort_order=desc"
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                Dronabinol
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